Diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) quantifies the non-Gaussian degree of diffusion using the kurtosis tensor. However, kurtosis can depend on conflicting sources of non-Gaussian diffusion such as Gaussian diffusion variance (inter-compartmental kurtosis) or the presence of restricted and hindered effects inside compartments (intra-compartmental kurtosis). Here, we develop and apply a novel double diffusion encoding method that is capable of providing the full directional dependence of both inter- and intra-compartmental kurtosis which can be summarized into two distinct kurtosis tensors and thereby improving kurtosis specificity and potentially providing information for diffusion model validation.
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