Both regional and lateralized differences in cerebral cortical thickness were noted in CHD patients compared to controls during a protracted period of critical brain development during childhood and adolescent period. The regional vulnerability was localized to important known cognitive control network including the prefrontal region, salience network and the default mode network . Importantly, ciliary motion abnormalities accounted for most of these regional and lateralized differences in cortical thickness between CHD and controls, underscoring the importance of ciliary mutations/genetic abnormalities underlying cortical dysmaturation in CHD patients.
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