Neuronal laminar information reflected in high-resolution fMRI is reduced due to ascending veins, carrying hemodynamic changes from various cortical depths to surface draining veins. Here, we propose an invertible generative hemodynamic model, which takes the effect of ascending veins to the laminar-specific fMRI signal explicitly into account. We illustrate the versatility of this novel model to characterize common experimental observations in laminar fMRI: we show that the spatial increase of laminar fMRI towards CSF is due to baseline blood volume. In contrast, a peak in the middle layer is due to higher neuronal activity rather than higher baseline blood volume.
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