Breast cancer is associated with increased lactate production in tumour, known as Warburg effect, that is postulated to enhance cancer cell survival advantage and invasiveness. However, current evidence, mainly based on xenografted animal models or biopsy results, remains controversial, where non-identical biological environments are compared to humans, or partial sampling error may play a role. We therefore examined the role of lactate concentration in whole human breast tumour, and hypothesised that there is a difference in lactate concentration between grade II and III breast cancer. To extract lactate under overwhelming lipid signal, MQC MRS was optimised for robust measurement.
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