Combining optogenetics with fMRI/fMRS (opto-fMRI/opto-fMRS) offers the unique potential to study the whole brain functional or neurochemical effects of stimulating specific neuronal populations within a given brain region. In this study, we investigated the BOLD functional changes and neurochemical changes resulting from optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons in the medial septum. Stimulation of both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the medial septum resulted in prominent bold activation within the hippocampus, and in other regions. This study represents a unique imaging investigation into the functional response to stimulation of multiple distinct neuronal populations within a single brain region.
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