Yanchun Wang1, Zhen Li1, Daoyu Hu1, and Xiaoyan Meng1
Bladder cancer is the most common
malignant tumor of the urinary tract, and the incidence rate of bladder cancer
is 6% for men and 2% for women. Clinical treatment of bladder cancer depends
on the level of muscle invasion (stage T2 or higher) or non-invasion of the
muscle of the bladder wall (stage T1 or lower). Non-invasive tumors are
mainly treated with transurethral resection (TUR), whereas invasive
tumors are mainly treated with radical cystectomy . Therefore, it’s
important to precisely differentiate between non-muscle-invasive and
muscle-invasive bladder cancer before treatment.