Hyperpolarized [1-13C]fumarate is a promising MRI biomarker for cellular necrosis, which plays an important role in various diseases and cancer treatment response. To demonstrate the feasibility of hyperpolarized MRI of [1-13C]fumarate metabolism using parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) – a low-cost alternative to dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP), a cost-effective synthetic pathway for high-yield production of a fumarate precursor [1-13C]acetylenedicarboxylate was developed. A simple hydrogenative PHIP set-up was used to generate hyperpolarized [1-13C]fumarate at sufficient polarization and concentration for in vivo [1-13C]fumarate metabolic MRS/MRI in acetaminophen-induced murine model of hepatitis.
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