We describe a flexible framework incorporating an anatomically realistic digital thorax phantom with physics-based simulation, respiratory motion and functional contrasts. We demonstrate the framework in the context of dynamic oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI).
The framework is designed to provide ground-truth for assessment of novel scan protocols and analysis methods, of utility for OE-MRI as derived lung function measures are limited in accuracy due to motion artefacts, blurring and poor signal-to-noise ratio. The framework was applied to a 2D inversion-prepared spoiled gradient echo dynamic OE-MRI readout. The simulated series displayed respiratory motion; quantitative measures describing hyperoxia-induced contrast enhancement agreed with experimental literature.
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