In resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI), the outcome measures, such as the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and functional connectivity, depend on the preprocessing steps applied. The mechanisms by which these steps modulate rs-fMRI outcomes are unclear, although it has long been established that the frequency composition of the rs-fMRI signal influences functional connectivity and related measures. In this work, we demonstrate the effect of commonly used preprocessing steps on rs-fMRI spectra, showing the potential interactions between these steps and cardiac/respiratory frequencies.
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