Current treatment evaluation procedures of pain conditions are dependent on self-reported measures. The objective of this study was to determine changes in excitatory neurotransmitters (i.e., glutamate and glutamate+glutamine) in the anterior cingulate cortex as an objective measure of pain during a painful stimulus using single voxel functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS). Glutamate concentration changes during the painful stimulus suggest a role for glutamate in detecting pain which was not related to self-reported pain ratings. An exploratory analysis on sex revealed an 8.63% (p=0.08) increase in glutamate at pain onset in female participants compared with a 7.45% (p=0.31) increase in males.
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