Early brain development is influenced by a myriad of environmental and psychosocial exposures that are often amplified in children in low and middle income countries (LMICs). However, few neuroimaging studies have been performed in these settings. Here we report on the first longitudinal neuroimaging study of young children in rural Uttar Pradesh (UP) India, showing the importance of early weight grain and socioeconomic factors on brain growth. We also find significant male-female differences, which may derive from the lesser societal importance of women, including lower education levels, increased malnutrition, and reduced healthcare seeking for girls.
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