Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in neurologic and psychiatric disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) from ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury to Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, and major depression. The application of multi-compartment diffusion MRI techniques for the robust, non-invasive, and quantitative evaluation of microglial morphology and density in the setting of acute and chronic neuroinflammation would represent an important advancement in understanding, identification, and therapeutic monitoring of microglia across a broad spectrum of acute and chronic disorders of the CNS. We present the first evidence and application of multi-compartment diffusion MR techniques for the sensitive detection of changes in microglial density throughout the brain.
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