Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a novel non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has been shown to modulate dysfunctional brain networks in humans. However, despite anecdotal evidence that rTMS effects tend to wear off, there are no reports of fMRI studies, even in humans, mapping the therapeutic duration of rTMS effects. Here, we investigated the cumulative effects of daily low-intensity rTMS on rodent resting-state networks using rs-fMRI and mapped for persistence for up to three weeks. Our study confirms the frequency-specific effects of rTMS and shows that 1 Hz stimulation has milder, but longer-lasting effects on functional connectivity than 10 Hz stimulation.
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