Recent evidence suggests that iron, specifically ferrous Fe2+, may produce oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, there remains a gap in our understanding of the progression of iron deposition and its oxidation state. Here, we use X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI), absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and ultra-high resolution ex vivo MRI in human AD specimens to show that elevated levels of iron correlate with disease severity and to demonstrate that elevated levels of ferrous Fe2+ are present in AD, supporting a neuroinflammatory mechanism. This supports the further development of iron-sensitive MRI as an AD biomarker.
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