We quantified 3D strain tensor in the principle and muscle fiber basis along with two invariants (volumetric and octahedral shear strain) from multi-slice velocity encoded phase contrast images of the in-vivo human calf muscle under isometric contractions. Significant decreases in the medial gastrocnemius and soleus contractile strain eigenvalue and in the invariants with suspension may potentially arise from changes in muscle contractility and/or from extracellular remodeling. The significant reduction in shear strain may indicate a decrease in lateral transmission of force that may account for the disproportionate loss of force to loss of mass with atrophy.
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