Dissolved-phase 129Xe (DPXe) chemical shift (CS) measurements could benefit from a robust reference system that can provide consistent CS values independently of gas partial pressures, lung inflation, subject position, and shimming conditions. We demonstrate that, by referencing the DPXe frequency to that of nearby protons, consistent CS values can be obtained, both in vitro and in vivo, enabling correct assignment of some of the spectral lines observed in vivo.
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