Temperature imaging based on proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) fails in fat containing tissues as the proton frequency of fat does not change with temperature. A dual-step iterative temperature estimation of fat referenced PRFS method is proposed to improve both the accuracy and precision of fat-referenced PRFS method. The method is evaluated with fat-water phantom and ex vivo BAT tissue excised from rats. Compared to the existing methods, the proposed method has least bias to the fluorescent optical fiber thermometer while maintaining the best noise performance.
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