The degree of bladder wall invasion by bladder cancer determines the clinical management, for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC, Stage T2 or more) recommended neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radical cystectomy and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC, Stage T1 or lower) treated with transurethral resection (TUR). Thus, differentiating NMIBC from MIBC using preoperative imaging plays a crucial role in clinical practice.
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