To visualize the distribution of the pressure gradients of the cardiac- and respiratory-driven cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), asynchronous two-dimensional phase-contrast velocity imaging was performed in 9 healthy subjects. The pressure gradients were calculated by the Navier–Stokes equations after the total CSF motion was classified into either cardiac or the respiratory components in the frequency domain. In the prepontine, the pressure gradients in the caudal-to-cranial direction were 14.9 ± 3.17 Pa/m for cardiac components and 1.28 ± 0.46 Pa/m for respiratory components; the cardiac pressure gradient was also significantly larger than the respiratory pressure gradient in other regions.
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