The objective of this study was to create patient-specific 3D virtual reality kidney cancer models and to evaluate pre-operative planning decisions made using these models. Virtual 3D models were compared to 3D printed models. These models may alter the surgical plan, and could promote both nephron-sparing surgery and preservation of healthy parenchyma, as surgeons gain a better visualization of the size and location of a tumor in relation to normal tissue and vital structures.
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