The chronic forced swimming stress (CFSS) depression-like animal model has been widely used to investigate the pathophysiology of depression focusing on the monoamine system. The goal of this study was to investigate the CFSS-induced metabolic effects in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of animals showing depression-like behavior using high-field and short echo time (TE) in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS). The results suggest that high-field and short TE in vivo 1H MRS can reliably quantify the key metabolites involved in depression and CFSS-induced behavioral despair and metabolic alterations similar to those found in human patients with depressive disorders.
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