Background phase errors occurring in 4D Flow MRI are analyzed with respect to their spatial order. Results demonstrate that background errors can range from first up to third spatial order requiring correction with appropriate polynomial orders. While higher order corrections perform well even for low SNR, they are highly sensitive to the amount of stationary tissue present for background phase estimation requiring at least 25%, 60% and 75% of stationary tissue for systems with first, second and third order offsets The amount of stationary tissue available in-vivo, however, limits the use of higher order polynomial models for background phase correction.
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