One challenge in quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) at ultra-high field (> 3 T) is the combination of phase data from phased array receive coils. We assessed the performance of COMPOSER (COMbining Phase data using a Short Echo-time Reference scan) with separate reference scans and with an intrinsic reference scan, as well as a reference-free single-channel method. Our results show that reference scans can bias QSM results at ultra-high field. We conclude that ultra-short echo-time reference scans reduce quantitation bias and remove the transmit field phase when using COMPOSER to combine phase data at ultra-high field.
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