Extending GRAPPA Kernels to 4D: Application on Time-Resolved 3D Phase Contrast Imaging

Bernd Andr Jung¹, Simon Bauer¹, Michael Markl¹

Improved scanner performance and recent methodological development enable multi-dimensional data acquisition such as time-resolved 3D phase contrast imaging with three-directional velocity encoding. To speed up acquisition times for 3D data acquisition, parallel imaging techniques have been introduced. For time-resolved imaging, parallel imaging techniques have been developed such as kt-SENSE and kt-BLAST, kt-GRAPPA, and PEAK-GRAPPA as an extension of kt-GRAPPA. Previous applications of these methods focused on time-resolved 2D imaging. The aim of this work was to extend spatio-temporal PEAK-GRAPPA acceleration to reconstruction for time-resolved 3D phase contrast data acquisition to fully exploit data redundancy along all spatial and temporal directions.