Four dimensional flow visualization and quantification using phase contrast MRI has expanded the functional assessment of intracardiac and vascular blood flow in health as well as many forms of common disease. The impacts of chamber remodeling, endothelial disruption, material property changes related to infarction, atherosclerosis, or inflammation may all influence site-specific and global flow, and provide clues to their presence and severity. Further, the tolerance for variability in load, heart rate and rhythm may also be predicted by flow-based measures at baseline. Definition of the range of normal flow across the gender and age spectrum is critical to utilizing 4D flow methods in clinical applications.
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